An exploration of the ways in which the men in Journeys End and Regeneration are affected by the War Essay Example

An exploration of the ways in which the men in Journeys End and Regeneration are affected by the War Essay Both R.C Sheriff and Pat Barker use their characterisations as means of conveying the effects of the traumas of war on the soldiers in Journeys End and Regeneration. These two texts not only explore the stress and emotional problems the men endured in response to the horrors of war, but also the ways in which they coped with or tried to escape them. Journeys End and Regeneration approach these concepts in sometimes similar ways which can be directly linked, yet at other times in contrasting ways. While Journeys End illustrates the effects of war on the men on the front line in the trenches, Regeneration focuses on the suffering of the aftermath of war of the soldiers their time at Craiglockhart Hospital. In Journeys End it is apparent that Stanhope is affected by his experiences of war and turns to alcohol in attempt to cope with his suffering. Other comrades are aware that his habit has escalated Hardy comments that he never did see a youngster put away the whiskey he does and they realise how his behaviour contradicts his old principles. Sheriff demonstrates Stanhopes preceding ascetic lifestyle through Raleighs admiration, once at school he caught some chaps in study with a bottle of whiskeyThe roof nearly blew off. This distinct contrast in character, displays the way in which war could change the soldiers behaviour dramatically. Stanhope exhibits paranoia through his desire to read Raleighs letters, emphasising his need to censor all letters and urges Osborne to cross out what (Stanhope) says about (him). Through his demands, Sheriff portrays Stanhope as being ashamed of the person war has made him. Barkers portrayal of Anderson in Regeneration can be compared to Stanhope, as he too leaves the war a changed character as a direct result of his experiences. His psychosomatic struggle to face his fear of blood is demonstrated through his constant nightmares, haunting him with images of horrifying injuries of his patients. It is evident from the recurring images of blood it pumped out of him that Anderson becomes incapacitated by the fear of blood, and thus, incapable providing for his family. We will write a custom essay sample on An exploration of the ways in which the men in Journeys End and Regeneration are affected by the War specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on An exploration of the ways in which the men in Journeys End and Regeneration are affected by the War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on An exploration of the ways in which the men in Journeys End and Regeneration are affected by the War specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sheriff uses Trotter to illustrate an alternative way in which the soldiers coped with the strains of war. In order to make the time go alright, Trotter blacks (circles) in to mark off each hour. Not only does this demonstrate the soldiers desperation for the war to end but also indicates the absence of the concept of time in the trenches. These black circles evoke images of bullet holes, showing that the concept of war is always on the soldiers minds and they struggle to escape such thoughts. Trotter is also used to create a sense of bathos throughout the play, through his constant longing for food. He recognises the lovely smell of bacon! and converses with Mason about food. It becomes evident that Trotter eats for comfort, in a similar way that Stanhope drinks. His comment that wars bad enough with pepper, but without pepperits bloody awful, creates light-hearted relief against the reality of war and death. This abrupt change in ordinary style provides a contrast in the play, givi ng the audience a sense of normality, which is unmistakably a way in which the soldiers attempt to cope with their everyday struggles in the trenches. In addition to this, the soldiers in Journeys End use trivial games, such as earwig racing, not only to pass the time, but also as an attempt to shield themselves from the psychological effects of the war. The men display enthusiasm in playing such child-like games: if you want to get the best pace out of an earwig, dip it in whiskey makes em go like hell!, suggesting that they are suffering from a loss of youth due to entering the war at such a young age, causing them to revert back to their childhood ways. Similarly, this concept emerges in Regeneration. When Burns invites Rivers to his home, he looks like a child trying to remember what it was that grown-ups said to newly arrived guests. Here Barker demonstrates how young men could often remain innocent and naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve through the carnage of war. Furthermore, Barker highlights the fact that Burns has been aged by the war and looks like a scarecrow. This depiction evokes images of a scrawny, hunchbacked man with weathered ski n and a vacant and expressionless face. The Sam Browne belt, bunching the loose fabric round his waist tied him together could be interpreted as a metaphor the belt being the one thing that is holding himself together emotionally. As a result of being pressurised to mature so hastily in becoming a captain, Burns is shown to be suffering from a loss of youth, both physically and mentally. A prominent distinction displayed between the two texts is the degree of realism established through language and the characters differing attitudes of war. The characters in Journeys End are constantly attempting to see war in a positive light and adopt an optimistic mind-set throughout their time in the trenches. Romantic imagery is a common method used in attempt to cope with the psychological scaring evoked by their traumatic experiences. Stanhope and Osborne describe the sunrise using positive adjectives such as gorgeous and splendid, provoking images of a romantic setting where battles take place. Consequently, it can be argued that this description provides an unrealistic portrayal of war. Moreover, although Osbornes comparison between sport and battle may seem true when he refers to no-mans land as the breadth of a rugger field, his association between them may also be observed as a romantic perception, as it moves away from the war. Thus, Sherriff exemplifies, through the so ldiers idealistic perceptions of war as a game, how they coped emotionally by underestimating aspects concerning war. In Regeneration, Barker perhaps provides a truer perspective of war through her use of realistic and often graphic language, a prime example being that Burns had time to realise that what filled his nose and mouth was decomposing human flesh. Through this direct and pragmatic approach, Barker explores the different effects experienced by the soldiers through various characters: Burns traumatic incident on the front line causes him to relive the horrors of his dreams and from every nightmare he awoke vomiting. Sassoon suffers form similar effects, as his hallucinations are discussed directly in the novel, the pavement was covered in corpses. Barkers honest and direct approach provides the reader with an accurate insight into the psychological distress experienced by the soldiers. However, the concept of soldiers using romance and escapism seen in Journeys End, in an attempt to evade the emotional effects, can also be found in Regeneration, through the characters Owen and Prior. Owens poetry initially provides him with escapism from the war, as he claims that he has always thought of p-poetry as the opposite of all that. The ugliness. He realises that poetry is something to t-take refuge in. Prior feels sexy while walking i nto no-mans land, conveying how soldiers often used sexuality to detach themselves from the misery of war; here, Barker demonstrates that men often coped with the ordeal of war by focussing on sex. Both authors demonstrate how soldiers can become psychosomatic in response to war. In Journeys End, Sherrif uses Hibbert to offer direct insight in to the psychological damage inflicted on the men. Hibbert claims he cant stick it any longer due to suffering from neuralgia. Despite Stanhopes disregard to this and his view of him being a worm and a shirker, Hibbert maintains that he wants to go sick. When confronted by Stanhope, Hibbert is shown with his eyes tightly screwed up as he stands quivering, evidently providing an image of someone whos mental state is seriously effected by the war. A similar notion is conveyed by Barker through Willard, who claims that he is paralysed despite Doctors telling him There was no injury to the spine. Rivers concludes that paralysis occurs because a man wants to save his life from taking part in some hopeless battle. Similarly to Hibbert, Willard is reluctant to concede anything that might suggest his illness was not purely physical. It is evident that he comes to realise that I cant walk because I dont want to go back. It can be concluded that, although both texts demonstrate the effects of war, the authors adopt similar and dissimilar methods of illustrating how the horrors of war can scar men psychologically and physically. The results of war on the men in both texts can often be directly linked, despite Sherriff and Barkers alternate styles of approach.

Roots Of Our Faith Essays - Christology, Prophets Of Islam

Roots Of Our Faith Essays - Christology, Prophets Of Islam Roots of Our Faith As Christians, why do we need the Old Testament when we have the New Testament? This is a question often asked in modern day Christianity. This is also the question which seems to provoke the writing of The Old Testament Roots of Our Faith, by Paul and Elizabeth Achtemeier. The Achtemeiers point out in their book that in modern day thinking we view God as a loving father (pg. 1-2), rather than the God of the Old Testament who seems to act in jealousy over his own power with the destruction of everything. So why then do we read the Old Testament? The final reason is "We can?t understand the nature of Christians unless we understand Israel."(pg.5) according to the Achtemeiers, and Israel as pointed out throughout the book is the root of all Christianity today. The main purpose behind this book is to provide us with a rope which connects us and our New Testament thinking to the Old Testament. The single main theme that conveys this thinking is that throughout all God has k! ept his word with mercy and love. Achtemeier shows us this link by basically giving us an entire overview of the Old Testament in a form which ties to the coming of Jesus Christ as the Son of God. We can believe God?s link to Jesus Christ and the world today, by the point, through everything God has gone through he has remained true to his word or covenants. God?s greatest creation, man, rebelling against his own authority has been the cause for most of the problems in the Old Testament. In started with Adam and Eve wanting to be like God themselves which led them to sin and continued on to Israel where sin was evident everywhere. In Israel, David, although chosen as the anointed one or messiah, committed adultery and murder, yet God?s mercy and forgiveness stepped in. Israel as a whole was given the ten commandments to abide by, yet they couldn?t. Despite many prophet writings that the end of Israel would come, God instead gave salvation to them through a new spirit and heart in the form of Jesus Chri! st according to the Achtemeiers. The book is organized primarily as the bible is organized with certain points, when needed, taken from other passages in both the New and Old Testament. The way it is ordered makes the book almost read like a story on a timeline through each book of the bible, in telling us what God has gone through for us to believe in his faith. Certain times in the book the Achtemeiers put in what seem like their own beliefs about particular parts which throw the reader off a bit. For example when they arrive at the time of David being the King in Israel, they seem to believe that David wasn?t the right choice to be the Messiah or wasn?t the chosen one at all. They back this point up by saying, "Yahweh seems often curiously absent from the history of Israel?s greatest king." (pg. 77) The Achtemeiers are clear throughout the book proving that God has always been true to his word and that is why we were given Jesus. An example is when the judging of Israel comes, they show us that God ra! ther than destroying Israel for being full of corruption, gives them a new heart and spirit, which falls in line with his covenant with Israel. I completely agree with the Achtemeiers feelings, after reading this book, that Jesus "is the fulfillment of the Old Testament Story." This book has been extremely helpful to me since in the past I?ve studied the Old Testament as all separate pieces with no real logical answer to any question. Before reading this I too felt that the Old Testament seemed to be more so a collection of stories that give us a basic moral understanding of how God thinks we should all act. While I don?t feel that I understand the New Testament better, I do feel that I understand the roots of it better, like where and why it came about. By knowing the roots of it better, I feel in the future while studying

Event Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Event Tourism - Essay Example Event tourism generally refers to an event which is organized for an audience from around the world. The event can be a public or corporate event which attracts people from around the globe and they visit the country to attend the event. Event tourism as a business includes the hotel reservations, transportation facilities, journey tours, and several other procedures that are organized for the tourists in order to make it easy for them. Event tourism brings huge revenues for the host country and adds value to the destination itself. This paper will discuss how event tourism has emerged as a popular type of tourism and what the main goals are. The event tourism has taken a considerable position in the tourism industry of today. Many tourism industries have given special attention to the event tourism and worked with event management companies to ensure an attractive event. The event can be a cultural festival, a sports event, a religious rally or a corporate conference. Such events ca n be organized by the private or public sector but the tourism business boosts immensely during these events. This is because most of the tourism agencies play their part by assisting the tourists, planning tours for them, arranging tickets for the event and reserving hotel rooms. It is the responsibility of the community and the tourist agencies to manage and supervise these major events which attract people from all over the world (Getz, 2008, p. 415). The major approach that a community shall adopt to host a successful event is the effective tourism planning. Even though the normal tourism industry faces much ups and downs regularly which are due to a variety of reasons such as changing weather conditions, acts of violence etc. But the event tourism industry manages to produce a large number of populations despite any of these factors. The major events that are planned have financial aspects which are arranged in advance so that the market fluctuations do not affect the arrangeme nts. The host community for major events such as the cricket world cup or the Olympics is decided as a result of a tough competition. The wide range of events adds to the host community’s economic health and a community shall carry out certain roles to determine the development of their event tourism industry. There are many aspects that a community has to consider while deciding whether to host a major event or not. Before competing for the hosting of the special event, a community must do their homework. A community shall consider an event specialist and know about all the basics about the event. This includes the event demographics, the needs, the dates and the things that need to be avoided for example in a religious event, a community might consider which drinks to serve and which ones to avoid. It is important for a community to know its own strengths and weaknesses before hosting a major event. The major things to consider are the funds available for the event, the emp loyees that are available and how skilled they are like are they multilingual, the facilities that can be offered and those which can’t be offered (Damster, 2005, p. 4). Advertising is another important action that has to be taken by the community and the tourism agencies to develop the event tourism and to host a major event. A community must know the potential basics before advertising the event and the facilities. The community must be sure of the party who is holding the event and the type of audience which is targeted. They should know the reason and motive behind the event, the reasons for choosing the location for the event and the expectations of

General motors project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

General motors project - Research Paper Example Each of these segments is charged with organizing their designated world regions in sales, production, marketing, and development of products. Major factors that have been initiated by well performing companies such as Coca-Cola and Toyota include training of the employees, effective organizational structure, annual bonuses and gifts among others. In this regard, General Motors has emulated similar motivation strategies in order to be at par with its rivals both in the local and international market. The current business environment takes the tendency of globalization. Most business organization enacts the policy of diversity in their human resource management. The purpose of this is to make competitive, and ensure that they attract the market brought about by the diversity in its work force (Certo, 2000). For example it is essential for a marketing firm appealing to the Chinese market, to have a Chinese in its sales team. This is a report on the recommended ethical practices in an o rganization, and how to manage diversity in the team. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 2.0 ACTION PLANS 4 3.0 SWOT ANALYSIS 25 Memo to HR Management 28 Instructors Feedback Section 31 M1A1 - 31 References 32 2.0 ACTION PLANS 2.1 General Motors as a learning organization A learning organization is a term for an organization that implements learning for its members for its continued transformation. These organizations develop from the need to face the pressures surrounding them by enabling them to compete in a business environment (Marquardt, 2011). Sequentially, a learning organization has five concepts that govern the attainment of transformation. One, there is the system thinking in which the organization views itself as one body with different organs that make up its overall appearance. Secondly, personal mastery makes the next feature in a learning organization where an individual commits him or herself to the learning process. In addition, mental models and shared vision become the third and fourth parts of the process respectively. The former are the personal assumptions within an individual about the company while the latter is the common goal shared by all members of staff9 (Sessa & London, 2006). Lastly, the team learning aspect becomes the fifth key pillar in this organization that is mainly the collective pooling of individually learnt aspects drawn from other members of staff (Marquardt, 2011). Objectively, this paper will give the name of a company in which transformation will aim at by including the intended broad principles. Further, it will include recommendations to the chosen learning organization that may include motivation, team management, culture, ethics, and empowerment. The learning organization chosen would be General Motors Corporation. 2.1.1 Brief overview of General Motors General Motors is a name commonly associated to remarkable car brands in the world. Arguably, GM is the leading multi- state car manufactu rer with its headquarters in Detroit, Michigan in the United States. Globally, it has establishments in a hundred and fifty seven countries spread across several continents. It has over two hundred thousand employees under its wing by either employing them directly or indirectly. GM has four regional clutters namely, GM South America, GM Europe, GM North America, lastly GM International Operations. Each of these segments is charged with

Hashing Algorithms Information Technology Research Paper

Hashing Algorithms Information Technology - Research Paper Example Apart from these algorithms, Whirlpool, Bloom Filters and other algorithms are also widely used. Hashing algorithms are selected based on their efficiency. These hash algorithms depend on a set of hash functions that generate the key values which are in turn stored in a separate table known as the Hash Table. This table follows a unique pattern based on which the values generated in the hash functions are stored. The main aim of a Hashing algorithm is to simplify the intended process and to provide a hassle free operation of the process. By using a hashing algorithm, one can be sure that the data is completely secure. A hashing algorithm tries to solve the complex functionalities by generating a simple function which can be used in place of these complex issues. Origin The hashing algorithm has been in use for many years and almost all the fields make use of these hashing algorithms to help them resolve and simplify their process. Hashing algorithms are generally used to generate a k ey value or a specified format of number or text to enable the administrator to propose a certain level to the specified data. Given a set of data, a hash function is selected and implemented to produce the hash values. The various types of hashing functions like string hashing, hashing functions for encrypting data and other mathematical values. (Sedgewick & Wyne, 2011). The concept of string hashing is mainly used in database that stores the initial information pertaining to a particular file. The next form is cryptographic hashing, which is used in data conversion and user authentication. The original form of the data is changed by using any of the cryptographic or encryption algorithms, providing a secure environment to the data that is stored in the file. In this function, the original form of the data is changed to the encrypted form which is not readable by the regular user. If a person wants to access that particular file, he has to make use of the hashing function that decr ypts the data back to the normal form. The major idea behind this algorithm is to protect the data from outside world. Intrusion and unauthorized access is prevented, thereby giving a protective environment. This algorithm is mostly used to convert the passwords that are used by the user to enter a site or access a particular data. In this case, the encrypted form of the password is stored in the system, instead of the original password. Hence the password and other confidential information are maintained in the organizations and business environment. Though the numbers of hashing algorithms are more, only few are more efficient and effective in dealing with problems. Detailed Description Among the various hashing algorithms, SHA and MD5 algorithms are considered to be more efficient in handling any sort of data. SHA Algorithms SHA algorithm and its versions are one of the best algorithms that help in easing the functionalities and thus the functions are also same for every algorith m. The functions used in each version are different and this depends on the input value of the proposed function. The size of the input and output value also is an important factor, as each function is different in its own form. The versions include SHA1, SHA 384, SHA 256 and SHA 512. Each of these algorithms makes use of functions and constants that define the entire algorithm. These logical functions generally range from f1, f2 and ranges depending on the

Telstra Is The Australias Largest Telecommunications Companies Marketing Essay

Telstra Is The Australias Largest Telecommunications Companies Marketing Essay Abstract Telstra is the Australias largest telecommunications companies. it is the state-owned enterprises in Australia . Telstra is the one of the worlds best telecommunications company, and it is the Australias leading full-service telecommunications operator, it also set up a special department responsible for the development of data, internet and e-commerce business to promote the development of value-added services. Telstras marketing strategy is very successful, so the report firstly introduces the background of the Telstra. and secondly , it use market tool SWOT to analysis the Telstra ,from opportunities ,threats, strengths, weaknesses, and then analysis the Telstra s strategy. Finally, it gives a short conclusion. 1. Introduction Network modernization not only helps improve the traditional telecommunications services, but also to promote mobile services, internet and data services, and helps develop the business market. In the past three years, TELSTRA development in general rises. From the revenue growth, Total operating income growth, but the growth rate has decreased mobile, data and internet revenue growth fast, while the local, national and international long-distance revenue growth was flat, and some negative growth. 2. The background of the Telstra Telstra is Australias largest telecommunications and information services company, is the largest mobile operators and internet service providers. In 1997, the Australian Government sell 49.9percant of the shares to the institutional investors and individual investors to stake in the companys partial privatization, the government still holds 50.1percent of the shares. Its GSM network covers 94 percent of the countrys regions and population, and may be roaming in 65 countries; the second data network services have been opened based on CDMA technology. At present, Telstras internet users have more than 400,000, to promote the development of value-added business; it established a special department responsible for the development of data, internet and e-commerce business. (http://www.telstra.com.au/) 3. SWOT analysis 3.1 Strengths Telstra is the first operator which leads Australia into mobile broadband, since then, it had the advantage of maintaining network performance, Bandwidth upgrade to 21MBps. High bandwidth with free movement, the capabilities of accessing at anytime and anywhere, which makes 3G networks become increasingly attractive to users. Telstra is the Australias dominant carrier, which can be deemed as the national telecommunications operator to have the most extensive coverage of business. Propaganda in the market, Telstra has always emphasized that it has advantages of the largest covers, a wide speed and high capacity, which allows it to charge a price above the competitive service 3.2 weaknesses The wireless network was operated by the company -3GIS which is a joint venture between Telstra and HH. This strategy made Telstra to have the opportunity to quickly introduce 3G services in the 2100 MHz , then the bands end product was supported which has been published. However, Telstra has three different mobile networks, the features, pricing and coverage vary of each network were different. This situation is very complex to the end user, which is the high cost for Telstra. In addition, the 2G network traffic continues to increase, but the 2G core network already close to the end of its useful life 3.3 opportunities In order to provide support for more efficient business for mobile voice, Telstra introduced a new generation of mobile networks to exchange server. Before the implementation of this reform, all of these servers will be replaced by a new generation of servers, which formed four MSC Server Blade Cluster nodes in the two regions the of the four sites With the introduction of the new node and updating the management system, and, Telstra also expected to further reduce operating costs after the operation was improved (Muirhead, Hawkins, 1996). The feature of 3G Direct Tunnel allows Telstra to increase the launch of its mobile packet core network capacity for data services. It just needs a software upgrade of existing networks without purchasing additional hardware. In order to increase network capacity for demand, and reduce the cost was increased through the network capacity. The development of new technologies brought a tremendous room for growth and market opportunities to Telstra 3.4 threat Australias smaller fixed-line telecom operators will invest 4.1 billion Australian dollars (three billion U.S. dollars) to build high-speed broadband network. 9 major fixed telecom competitors of Telstras proposes to build a shared network, and may be associated with private equity or other financial investors. Telstra own broadband initiatives were under threat, because the move might hurt small-scale fixed-line operator Telstraà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s rivals Vodafone and Optus / SingTel are operating GSM networks, but coverage is less than Telstra. There are other related organizations selling these network-based mobile services, for example, Virgin Mobile resell network business on Optus / SingTel (Shields , Harvey,2010ÃÆ' ¯Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °. 4. Telstra Marketing Strategy 4.1The Strategy of customer Segmentation Consumer culture has its own variety of usage patterns with different age and different sex; different cultural patterns determine the extent of the use of new business(Banuargo ,2008). Australian operator Telstra launched customized services for young people in June 2002.It Targeted young people under the age of 25 markets. Which introduced the brand Communic8 business according to the habits and expenditure constraints of young people using text messaging services . In line with the new SMS program, Communie8 also organized SMS promotional activities in cooperation with Sony Ericsson to find the fastest users to send text messages. The analysis also shows that, Communic8 users continue to increase SMS usage to chat and organize their social activities. 4.2 Customer-focused marketing strategy As the quality service business enterprises, their customer loyalty scores were higher, but customer high loyalty is closely related with sustainable growth of enterprises. These enterprises invested human and financial resources to understand customer needs, then develop innovative strategies and improve service based on customer needs. As a leader in the telecommunications industry in Australia, Australian telecommunications company (Telstra) is very clear to know what enterprise customers need. Customers want Australian telecommunications companys technical staff to visit them and solve various problems in front of their face (Rogers, 2004). Therefore, the Australian telecommunications company redesigned the profit sharing and incentive systems, which aims to improve service quality while increasing productivity. Under the new incentive system, each technical staff in the Australian telecommunications company has known tasks and objectives of their every day work. 4.3Value differentiation strategy The value of differentiation strategy has a great impact on the current economic of Telstra environment has little effect on the Telstra business. In fact, it is in this economic environment, wireless applications has become more highlighted, because these businesses can reduce resource occupation, reduce traffic, and improve efficiency (Ross, Bamber ,1998). Telstra and handset manufacturers maintain a close co-operation to market a wide variety of equipment and unique creative business. From the business point of view, Telstra huge range and fast speed can meet the bandwidth requirements of our customers who have the highest demand for wireless broadband. As Australias dominant carrier, Telstra can be deemed to have the most extensive coverage of business. 5. Conclusion As a called the worlds most profitable carriers, Telstra proved the effectiveness of its network strategy. Telstra has the worlds most advanced mobile core network for the foundation of business success. It provide a more clear direction on analysis for Telstras strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, it should give full play to their strengths and avoid their weaknesses. It provided the advice to Telstras marketing strategy through the analysis of Telstra.

The Signal Man :: English Literature

The Signal Man Through out the story Dickens has created a sense of horror and suspension in his description of the setting, landscape, physical surroundings and the weather conditions. At the start of the story the signal man hears a voice shouting down to him from up above, instead of looking up in the direction he heard the voice coming from, he turned himself about and looked down the line. This seems rather odd as you would normally look to where you heard the voice. The man shouting down to him, was on a high cliff and he was steeped in the angry glow of a sunset and the signal man’s figure was foreshortened and shadowed, down in the deep trench so it was rather awkward for the man to see who he was shout to. The man repeats ‘Halloa! Below!’ only then does the signal man catch on who is shouting to him, so he turns himself about , and raises his eyes and say the mans figure high above him. It then goes on to say that the signal man looks up to him without replying, and he looked down at him without pressing him too soon with a repetition of his idle question. There then came a ‘vague vibration’ in the earth and air, quickly changing into a violent pulsation. This suggests that there is a disturbance in nature, this means that the train is coming. After the train had passed, the signal mans looks up again and motioned towards a point on the narrator’s level, the man then heads for that point. As he headed for that point, he noticed a rough zigzag path notched out, this suggests that there could be danger. It then goes on to describe the setting. The cutting was extremely deep, and unusually precipitous, it is a very dismal and dreary setting. It then says that the notched out path was made through a clammy stone that became oozier and wetter as it leaded further down the cliff, this reinforces the setting to be very depressing and gloomy. As he made his way down the zigzag path, the signal man looked as though he was awaiting his arrival. He had his left hand at his chin, and his left elbow rested on his right hand, crossed over his breast His attitude was one of such expectation and watchfulness, that the man stopped at it a moment, wondering at it. This could suggest that the signal man was wondering weather the narrator was a ghost or not. The signal man had a very weary appearance; it says that he was a